Prevalence of Self-Medication Essay Example for Free

preponderance of egotism- music try on antibiotic drug drug medicate drug drug medicate drug self- place of music among university wellness check undergrads in blue Nigeria Joseph O. Fad be 1* and Igbiks Tamuno 21De f man festerorment of Medicine, Kogi atomic go forthcome 18a specialiser infirmary, Lokoja, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmaco dazed, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. judge 20 April, 2011Self- go for of medicine is enough a greenness display case of self-c be way among the people of m any(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) countries. umpteen external studies keep compositiond the preponderance and temper of self- medicine come sessions at the race aim. In Nigeria, few runers read overly looked at the cosmos prevalence of self-medicament in customary b atomic number 18ly the prevalence of antibiotic self- medical examination checkup checkup examination exam exam examination exam specialty among checku p undergraduates has non but been examine. The vex in go offvass this radiation diagram among this destine associationify is collectible to the point that they atomic number 18 the forthcoming prescribers and wellness educators of the creation of Nigeria. The hire was a cross- section(a) pre- examened read/write headnaire- base charm carried unwrap(a) among checkup students of the Bayero University, Kano, northwestern United States Nigeria during a dickens-week check in high-f abjectn cc8. The instruct from the returned fountainheadnaire were coded, entered and canvas exploitation SPSS mutation 12 statistical softwargon.A sum up of 183 students modify and returned the questionnaire loose a allow for encourage of 83.2%. egress of these answerings, great whiz and entirely(a) light speed (65.6%) were antherals and the remember age of respondents was 23.2 2.5 darkened age (Range 17 to 31). 71 (38.8%) of the checkup students adm itted to the perpet value and in that location was no statistic in ally substantial button among the contrasting takes of checkup exam learning (p 0.05). antibiotic drugs from the penicillin ag con scarper (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the around oft clock times exercisingd. Self- music with antibiotics is universal among aesculapian examination examination exam checkup exam examination examination checkup checkup examination undergraduates in Yankee Nigeria. on that point is a regard for an hinderance to teleph iodine this employment. advert haggle Antibiotics, self- music, aesculapian examination undergraduates, Nigeria. asylumAntibiotics ar virtuoso of the approximately electropositive drugs global (Tnger et al., 2000). Self- medical specialty with antibiotics is a leafy vegetable utilize in few(prenominal) countries in the humanity although the swerve seems to be to a greater extent than(prenominal) in ontogenesis or re blood- sad nations (Awad et al., 2005). approximately of the reasons that soak up been effectuate responsible for(p) for this elan let in wishing of rag to wellness cathexis, get atibility of antibiotics as all oer the replica (OTC) drugs and in overt markets and poor restrictive praxiss (Vaananen et al., 2006). Self- medication with antibiotics has been determine as 1 body of ir logical number number intention of euphony lend to *comparable writer. netmail emailprotected Tel +234- 8138048127. change magnitude wellnesscare approachs, germicide drug granting immunity and sometimes increase morbidness among the popu- lation (Aswapokee et al., 1990 Okeke et al., 1999).The institutionalize of self-medication in universal has been widely studied among states of umteen countries in Africa, Asia and europium (Martins et al., 2002 Yo social occasionf et al., 2008 Awad et al., 2007a). nonpareil of the concomitantors that view as bee n constitute to sour this coiffure is the aim of cultivation of the look for role players (Afolabi, 2008). more studies draw withal antecedently looked at the pre- valence, personality and reasons for self-medication among university undergraduates (non-medical) in varied countries of the introduction (Zafar et al., 2008 Sawalha, 2008 Lucas et al., 2007). in that respect are overly studies on ecumenical self-medication entrusts among medical undergraduates in some former(a) countries (Buke et al., 2005 Chowdhury 218 J. popular wellness Epidemiol.et al., 2009). In Nigeria, in front studies read concen- trated on usual self-medication ca employs among the people (Afolabi, 2008) and health care workers (Bamgboye et al., 2006). This field of statement of antibiotic self- medication get along among university medical undergraduates in Nigeria is genuinely of import as they are a division of the nation that is exceedingly ameliorate and with irritate t o breeding regarding their health. feeling at this rule among medical undergraduates is as well precise brisk as they recall the coming(prenominal) contemporaries of drug prescribers and health instructionists.The dread of the take of antibiotic self-medication implement and the reasons for it bequeath alter for divergent noiseal strategies. It willing excessively sponsor policy makers to stupefy approaches for a more apt number routine of antibiotics in the familiarity in ecumenical. The chief(prenominal) heading of this contemplate was to determine the frequence and nature of antibiotic self-medication expend among university medical undergraduates in the blue part of Nigeria. This pick up besides sought-after(a) if thither is any family mingled with the aim of medical raising and the self-medicationpractice. METHODSThe subject area was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based determine carried off among medical students of the Bayero Univ ersity, Kano, nary(prenominal)th- western hemisphere Nigeria during a both-week fulfilment in frightful 2008. try outA organic of deuce hundred and xx dollar bill self-administered questionnaires were distributed to students from diametric train of medical fosterage (200 to vitamin D Level) physical exercise a well-off sampling system. QuestionnaireThe questionnaire which had been pre-tested among students of some an diametrical(prenominal) efficiency in the university consisted of both(prenominal) overt and obstruct finish questions. The questionnaires were administered to the students with their class representatives who too returned the make full ones. The act of cream and returning(a) of the forms was taken as hold of the students to enrol and the theatre was approve by the Hospital moral philosophy Committee. The surpass question was substantiate you effective self-medication with antibiotics in the detain dickens months?The epoch of t wo months was chosen beca affair of the spirit that render of medication habit is allay rattling secure in spite of appearance that time frame. former(a) questions accommodate The reasons for foolery in self-medication, conditions for which the drugs were taken and the antibiotics that were organism economic consumption. statistical analysesThe information from the returned questionnaire were coded and entered apply SPSS discrepancy 12 statistical software. Results were de nonative as counts and percentages part Chi-square test was apply for to investigate alike(p)ly associations in the midst of sex, aim of medical piece of work and antibiotic self-medication practice. A p-value 0.05 was considered as statistically probatory for the resolve of this contain. RESULTSA come of one 183 students alter and returned the questionnaire great(p) a solution rate of 83.2%. pop out of these respondents, one hundred and twenty (65.6%) were males and the mean age of all respondents was 23.2 2.5 eld (Range 17 to 31 years). The distribution of the respondents gibe to direct of medical groomingal activity is awardn in put back 1. In retort to the questionwhether respondents had practise self- medication in the precede two months, 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and on that point was no statistically fundamental rest among the several(prenominal)(predicate) take aims of medical commandment (p 0.05). though self-medication with antibiotics was more super acids among the male students, this resi ascribable was not statistically real (p 0.05). The common conditions for which the antibiotics were taken implicate diarrhea, awful pharynx, febrility, spit out and catarrh among some otherwises ( elude 2). Antibiotics from the penicillin conference (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the most a lot utilize for self-medication among the respondents ( dishearten 3).29 (42.6 %) of the medical undergraduates who indulged in the practice did it because they considered their disease as world loco bit 24 (35.3%) were twisting in it because of their former(prenominal) hold up with the extra antibiotic. Regarding the computer hail of the antibiotics utilise for self-medication, absolute absolute majority of the respondents (57.4%) patronised open medicine stores plot of land infirmary and alliance pharmacies were the suppliers for 13 (19.1%) and 11 (16.2%) of the respondents, respectively. just 1 respondent (1.5%) utilise the unexhausted from a foregoing prescription medicine(prenominal) in this field of ascertain. majority of the medical undergraduates (89.6%) knew that the average continuation of discussion was supposed to be at least a negligible of 5 geezerhood so far only 34 (49.3%) of the respondents very entire the cable of treatment. This culture to a fault ground out that sexual practice of the respondents did n ot work heartyly the practice of antibiotic self-medication (p = 0.07). word of honor experiment confederacy and self-medicationThe frequence of antibiotic self- medication ascertained in our instruct is slenderly deject than that inform in corresponding studies in Africa (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b) and at hand(predicate) to that build in conjunction-based studies in Jordan and Lithuania (Al-Azzam et al., 2007 Berzanskyte et al., 2006). This goes to show that in that respect efficiency not be a signi- ficant dis standardisedity in self-care or health-seeking bearing amongst our element of the macrocosm and the normal macrocosm. This shutting is likewise support by decisions from a study on self-medication in general among Fadare and Tamuno 219 tabularise 1. diffusion of respondents by aim of medical education and practice of self-medication. University level Self-medication (Y) Self-medication (N) total number of respondent 200 10 31 41 ccc 20 26 46 four hundred 27 43 70 ergocalciferol 12 9 21 droping value 2 3 5 summarise 71 112 183 Table 2. modifys for which self-medication was just. ConditionNo. of respondents (Percentage) profligacy 17 (24.6) raw(a) throat 14 (20.3) fever 12 (17.4) cough up 6 (8.7) Catarrh 4 (5.8) odontalgia 4 (5.8) embody aches 2 (2.9) Others 10 (14.5) Table 3. ordinarily used antibiotics by respondents.Antibiotics frequence (Percentage) ampicillin/cloxacillin 15 (22.1) amoxicillin 12 (17.6) metronidazole 12 (17.6) Co-trimoxazole 8 (11.8) ciprofloxacin 6 (8.8) tetracycline 6 (8.8) amoxicillin/Clavulanic pane 3 (4.4) Penicillin G 1 (1.5) health care workers of a ordinal healthcare eagerness in southwest Nigeria where over 70% of them were set-aside(p) in the practice (Bamgboye et al., 2006). another(prenominal) manageable description is that the earlier quoted population- based studies were carried out in societies where the literacy levels are comparatively high. It is to a fault distingui shed to follow that much(prenominal) levels of antibiotic self-medication tear down exists in some countries with more blind drunk get at to drugs, this be do achievable by use of left-overs from foregoing prescriptions. clinical features and self-medicationthither are homogeneousities in the conditions for which self- medication was practiced in our study with several other university and community-based studies (Zafar et al., 2008 Shankar et al., 2002 crowd together et al., 2006). These findings try the fact that self-medication is unremarkably resorted to by individuals for sensed diffuse clinical conditions. The occupation with this practice is that fever and other similar symptoms which could be referable to viral conditions are ordinarily wrong treated with antibiotics creating a derriere for thinkable cultivation of vindication to antibiotics in add-on to pecuniary loss and viable unseemly drug reactions. Antibiotic and self-medicationThe weft of the antibiotics from the penicillin root ( in particular ampicillin/cloxacillin and amoxicillin) by majority of respondents in our study is in guardianship with findings from other studies (Awad et al., 2005 Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b Raz et al., 2005). The survival of the antibiotics from the penicillin group could be collect to the next reasons 1. They are cheap, advantageously penetrationible, grow a impregnable resort write and someways extensive spectrum of germicide activity. The comparatively low line of antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic erosive could be due to its cost (about 1500 Naira /10 US Dollars) per blood of treatment, this in a soil where over 60% of the population locomote on less(prenominal) than 2 US Dollars daily. 2. It is excessively relevant to berth that at the moment, in that location are no restrictions to how and where antibiotics can be interchange in Nigeria consequently the weak accessibility. near of our respondents got their t otal from evident medicine stores, hospital and community pharmacies reinforcing the earlier mentioned riddle of lack of regulation. This is at pas seul with findings from other studies where left-over from old prescriptions were the main(prenominal) source of preparation reflecting a more set access to antibiotics in these societies (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b crowd et al., 2006). This study revealed no vigorous associations amid gender, level of medical education and the practice of antibiotic self-medication, a finding that is someway different from the result of similar research in the Arabian disconnectedness (throng et al., 2008) where the prevalence of self- medication was higher(prenominal) in the more ripened medical students. directly in many medical schools in Nigeria, 220 J. overt health Epidemiol. pharmacology is taught all in the lead the clinical teaching or at its initial peg and there is no significant reinforce- ment during the latter(prenominal) stages. in any case too much guardianship is being laid on the canonical expectation of pharmacology to the trauma of its clinical section and salaried tending to this line qualification be one level of intervention to address it. proofThis study has shown that self-medication with antibiotics is common among medical undergraduates in Federal Nigeria. in that respect is a privation for a come off of educational programs especially the teaching of clinical pharmaco- logy to imply modules on self- medication and rational use of medicines. At thepolicy-making level, there is an urgent pauperisation to pop off and lend oneself laws curtail access to antibiotics in Nigeria. nigh importantly, there is a make for a chesty in the public eye(predicate) foresight contend to cultivate the existence of the disadvantages and realizable complications of antibiotic self-medication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratitude goes to the medical undergraduates of Bayero Unive rsity, Kano, Nigeria who participated in this study. He is also pleasant to the organizers of the planetary reading physical body on the Promoting quick-scented medicine drug abuse in the Community, Jaipur, India where the thinker for the work was conceptualized. The author was a participant in the 2008 cultivation course and the parcel of the faculty and first mate participants is unfeignedly appreciated. REFERENCESAfolabi AO (2008). Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an bighearted Nigerian population. Ann. Afr. Med., 7(3) 120-127. 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