The Rational Model Of Organizational Decision Making Essay

CHAPTER TWO PROJECT EXECUTION AND EXPERIENCE 2.1 Schedule of Activities of Students for the Project Work 2.2 Explanation of Theories Used Organizational decision making is defined as the process of responding to a problem by searching for and selecting a solution or course of action that will create value for organizational stakeholders. Decision making is a critical responsibility in leadership and the ability to make the right decisions is imperative to the success of every organization. Over the years, various models and theories have been developed to explain how organizations make decisions. This paper shall consider a few of the models and explain how these models and theories apply in the context of the topic of this research. I. The Rational Model of Organizational Decision Making This model is based on the logic of optimal choice: the choice that would maximize value for the organization. The manager is assumed to be an objective, totally informed person who would select the most efficient alternative, maximizing whatever amount and type of output s/he values. We can summarize the rational choice process as follows: 1. An individual is confronted with a number of known alternative courses of action. 2. Each alternative bears a set of possible consequences. These consequences are known and are quantifiable. 3. The individual has a system of preferences or utilities that permits him or her to rank the consequences and choose an alternative. There isShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Of A Bse Veterinary Service846 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Companies all over the world are faced with decision daily. Some decisions are small in nature with minimal effects on the company or its employees. While other decisions have a tremendous effect on the entire company. This paper will provide a detailed description of the top three ways to make decisions, such as the rational model, the organizational process model, and the collaborative model. Also, provide some techniques for making decisions. Furthermore, one of these models willRead MoreGeneral Motors Rational Model1500 Words   |  6 Pagesgone through many types of organizational decision-making and learning since its initial conception in 1908. The large American auto-maker has used the various types of decision-making models before choosing one that works the best for them. The organization has improved its decision-making over its long history. GM has done a fair job of ridding harmful cognitive biases that can drive up the cost of operating a multi-divisional car company. They instituted new organizational learning across the wholeRead MoreThe Simulation Exercise On Foreign Policy Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pageshow to make decisions in the U.S foreign policy. 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Whether the situation is personal or professional, individuals should first identify the root cause of the dilemma as part of the decision-making process; verify the real problem before attempting to generate a solutionRead MoreThe Representation Of The Government Politics Model Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages Though several models provide a way to analyze America’s decision to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein in 2003, only one model sufficiently explains the decision. The Rational Actor Model only evaluates the nation’s actions as one entity and does not look at any of the organizational or individual behaviors that contributed to the decision. On the other hand, the Organizational Behavior Model explor es the processes that supported the war’s justification and developed the military’sRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of An Organization1199 Words   |  5 Pagesceremony may ascertain that, as an organization, the military values professionalism, dedication, teamwork and strives for excellence at all levels. The civilian outsider’s assumptions about the military’s values would be about 75% correct. Values in organizational culture are fundamentally linked to the psychological process of identify formation in which individuals seek a social identity that provides meaning and connection among an organization’s members (Ashforth Mael, 1989). Unlike the civilian outsiderRead MoreCultural Values : Culture And Culture1429 Words   |  6 PagesCulture, as described by Daft (2016), â€Å"provides people with a sense of organizational identity and generates in them a commitment to beliefs and values that are larger than themselves† (p.387). 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There are four schools of thought which offerRead MoreDecision Based Modeling : Case Study876 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Based Modeling The purpose of this paper is to review a business case presented by a laboratory services company and make recommendations on how best to incorporate required changes and the impact it will have on current and future operations. Prior to making any recommendation, a review of the company’s existing business operations is required. This assessment will afford the decision maker various tools in which informed decisions can be made. More times than not, multiple optionsRead MoreShaping Attitudes And Behaviors Within An Organization Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesa unique organizational social structure where members interact, work with each other, and accomplish goals (Daft, 2016; Sergui, 2015). Additionally, the visible structures, systems, slogans, behaviors, and physical settings are the observable cultural symbols that communicate what an organization values. An insider would have greater awareness and discernment of the internal cultural elements and subcultures within an organization. Furthermore, an insider would know how organizational activities

American Parkour Movement Free Essays

The start of Parkour started with a French naval officer named Gorges Hebert. During World War I Herbert when on a trip to Africa. While he was there he was rather impressed with one of the native tribes. We will write a custom essay sample on American Parkour Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Georges Hebert. This was the beginning of his idea that physical fitness combined with mental creativity are fundamental necessities for a living person. While Hebert was stationed in Saint Pierre, Martinique, he was placed in charge of an evacuation of around seven hundred people because of the erupting of Mount Pelee. This event forwarded his new idea and he then began to apply it to his career. He started to incorporate this new idea to the training of French soldiers since World War II. One soldier that took a particular interest to this training was Raymond Belle. He continued with his training because it also later helped in become skilled within the Paris fire department. He also began to teach his soon about this philosophy, that one must achieve strength and dexterity in order to be useful in life and that you must be able to see beyond society’s ideas of objects. Just because a group of people have place a permanent purpose for a particular object. For instance, most people are stuck to the idea that a rail or wall is a barrier. Others who can see around this could use these as vaults or ladders. David took this idea to heart and created Parkour, which rapidly spread throughout France. Eventually this traveled to other surrounding countries and even America. For a while Parkour had no real definition, it was just a wondering lifestyle heard by ear but the American Parkour committee, along with members outside of the committee, gathered together to discuss the definition based of it original philosophy and this is what was finally created: Parkour is the physical discipline of training to overcome any obstacle within one’s path by adapting one’s movements to the environment. Parkour requires†¦ consistent, disciplined training with an emphasis on functional strength, physical conditioning, balance, creativity, fluidity, control, precision, spatial awareness, and looking beyond the traditional use of objects. * Parkour movements typically include†¦ running, jumping, vaulting, climbing, balancing, and quadrupedal movement. Movements from other physical disciplines are often incorporated, but acrobatics or tricking alone do not constitute parkour. Parkour training focuses on†¦ safety, longevity, personal responsibility, and self-improvement. It discourages reckless behavior, showing off, and dangerous stunts. * Parkour practitioners value†¦ community, humility, positive collaboration, sharing of knowledge, and the importance of play in human life, while demonstrating respect for all people, places, and spaces. How to cite American Parkour Movement, Papers

Criminal Justice Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Criminal Justice Argumentative Essay Before the sixteenth century children were considered either property tobe traded or small adults, when by the age 5 or 6 were expected to assumethe roll of an adult. As the centuries moved forward the views of childrenchanged, children were seen not as miniature adults but as having adistinct personality, that they were easily corrupted and needed to becorrected to become morale and productive members of society. In the colonial era of America the family was the basic unit of economicproduction and the main outlet for social interaction also religion was amain staple that held a community together and is where families turned towhen they had trouble in the home. As the country grew so did the need for some type of institutions foryouth offenders. These places were called houses of refuge The youth inthese places were reformed into hard working productive members of society. The stay in one of these places were in determined time or until theyreached the age of 18 or 21 depending on their crime and the willingness ofthe youth to reform and become a responsible citizen. By the end of the 1800s different types institutions and mechanisms weredeveloped to respond to the difficult children. Still, the problemspresented by the children who were believed to be in need of so type ofcorrection were the homeless, the neglected, abused and wayward as well asthe ones with criminal behavior. A new group of reformers called the thechild savers, advocated a new institution to deal with these youthproblems. Thus began the juvenile courts. By the late 1800s the legal mechanism was in place for treating of youthdifferent from adults Examplesof this were that in some jurisdictions had set minimum age to which ajuvenile could be charged as an adult and placed in adult penitentiaries. The legal philosophy justifying states intervening in the lives ofchildren is the doctrine of parens patriae(the state as parent) was giventhe judicial endorsement in the case of Mary Ann Crouse who had beencommitted to the Philadelphia House of Refuge by her mother as a punishmentand against her fathers wishes,. the Commonwealth Supreme Court ofPennsylvania stated that it wasnt a punishment but a benevolence, no dueprocess claim could be made by the father, and that the father had nostanding anyway because the commonwealth had the legal responsibility tostep in as to were the parents were irresponsible in their obligations totheir children. An interesting question came up in the 1905 case of the Commonwealth vs. Fisher where the Pennsylvania supreme court ruled that parens patriaealways trumps due process in the juvenile justice. When the Commonwealthacts on parens patriae no due process protection is necessary. Notreatment plans are needed it is assumed that anything the Commonwealthdoes to a child in its custody is better than what the parents couldprovide. The Fisher case set the tone for juvenile justice up until the1960s. An activist United States Supreme Court in the 1960s significantlyaltered the juvenile justice system. That sets the tone for todayscourts. Three cases that are worth looking at are Kent vs. the US (1966)This is the first full scale examination of the juvenile justice systembrought on by the case of a 16 year old rapist who was transferred to adultcourt. The justices ruled that such waivers or transfers should beaccompanied by a special hearing, the assistance of counsel, access torecords by such counsel, and a written statement of reasons for suchtransfer. .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .postImageUrl , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:visited , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:active { border:0!important; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:active , .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1aa03e5c46ba409f5e805505707d82e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Trail Of Tears Essay In re Gault (1967) A landmark case on the failure of the juvenilejustice system involving a 15 year old adjudicated delinquent on the wordof an Arizona sheriffs deputy sentenced to 6 years for an offense(telephone harassment) that carried a two month penalty if committed as anadult. The Justices ruled that the juveniles deserve the right againstself incrimination (Miranda Rights) adequate notice of charge, the rightconfront and cross examine accusers, assistance of counsel, and he rightsof sworn testimony and appeal. With this the juvenile courts became moreformal and adversarial. The Third case is McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) a seminal case thatslowed down the granting of due process rights to juveniles by denying thema trial by jury. The Justices thought that the bench trials were adequateand that America wasnt yet ready to abandon the philosophy of juvenilejustice as a less than fully adversarial process. The fundamental difference of the adult court vs. the juvenile court arethat the juveniles are given a little more latitude when the judge isconsidering the sentence for the offender and the guidelines are differ inthe length of time and where the sentence is carried out. word 810

NFL HISTORY Essays - Akron Pros, APFA Season, Ralph Hay,

NFL HISTORY ?The Beginning of the N.F.L? The year was 1920 and pro-football was in a state of confusion. The three main problems that led to all the confusion were, salaries rising, players jumping from team to team and the use of players still enrolled in college. So, on August 20, 1920, a group of men representing the four current pro teams met. When the day was done the American Professional Football Conference was born. The A.P.F.C. was formed to make one governing body over pro football. Then, on September 17, 1920, a second organizational meeting was held. At the second meeting the following teams attended: the Akron Pros; Canton Bulldogs; Cleveland Ohio Indians; Dayton Ohio Triangles; Decatur Illinois Staleys Athletic Club; Hammond Indiana Pros; Massillon Tigers; Muncie Indiana Flyers; Racine [a Chicago street] Cardinals; Rochester New York Jeffersons; Rock Island Illinois Independents; and [the State of] Wisconsin. One of the first orders of business was to change the name of the American Professional Football Conference to the American Professional Football Association. The second order was to appoint a president. So Native-American Olympic Gold Medallist Jim Thorpe was elected as league president. Other rules were made such as a membership fee of $100 per team; to be charged to give an appearance of respectability No team ever paid it. Scheduling was left up to the teams, and there were wide v ariations. This occurred both in the overall number of games played and in the number played against APFA member teams. Four other teams-the Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles, and Detroit Heralds-joined the league sometime during the year. On September 26, the first game, which featured an APFA team was played at Rock Island's Douglas Park. A crowd of 800 watched the Independents defeat the St. Paul Ideals 48-0. A week later, October 3, the first game matching two APFA teams was held. At Triangle Park, Dayton defeated Columbus 14-0, with Lou Partlow of Dayton scoring the first touchdown in a game between Association teams. The same day, Rock Island defeated Muncie 45-0. At the league meeting in

Analysis of the article Real Estate Principle

Analysis of the article Real Estate Principle In real estate market, economists closely monitor the trends in the economy in order to project the patterns of demand and supply. The article shows how the current change in economy trends of real estate market have affected various parties in the real estate market. Factors such as the cost, income, and price of housing greatly affect the demand of housing as seen in the article. Electricity supply also partly affects the supply of housing in the real estate market, as one of its inputs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Analysis of the article â€Å"Real Estate Principle† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the numerous forecasts, the economy has projected that the momentum of the economy in the second half of the year after July will go down. This will affect the real estate market in the area of housing due to many factors this paper has covered. Despite the economy losing its momentum, there has been a significant growth in various sectors. For instance, in the manufacturing sector the output seems to have increased in the production of electronics, business equipment, and automobiles in the United States of America. The disruption that occurred could have led to this in the East when tsunami and the earthquake greatly hit some parts of it causing destabilization of automobile production from the west hence increasing production from the United States of America (Barber, Floyd, Floyd 311-320). The industries also seem to have increased the use of their capacity signifying an increment in output. The author of the article points out that the previous anticipated slowdown of the economy would subside in due time and there would be minimal scares about the demand of the consumer surging. The sentiments of the consumer can however be falling due to the facts that there is a rather weak growth in the job area and economists predict low ability of the consumers to afford the housing. T he falling sentiments of the consumer have led the people to shift in selling their property. Part of the population is no longer investing in the construction of houses that cater for single family and those of multi-families and most of them are turning to either purchase of smaller units such as apartments or even going to rentals. The owners of the housing units that are not in demand will push the prices of the housing down in order to accommodate the consumers who have weak purchasing ability. The article establishes that there are no signs of the real estate market improving in the near future and economists predict this on the fact that the permits that builders usually get for new constructions have actually declined. This has trickled down to dampening of spirits of the builders and rather low sentiments to start housing projects. However, it is not possible to conclude that all parts of America have experienced the decline. The demand in the real estate market refers to t he consumers desiring housing at a particular price and the supply in the real estate market refers to the housing units that the builders are willing to offer or are offering at a particular price. Further, equilibrium is the main point of focus in economics and in real estate market. It refers to the point of negotiation between the suppliers of housing and the consumers of the same units.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also refers to the ability of the suppliers and the consumers to come to an agreement where the amount of units produced by the supplier are equal to the housing taken up by the consumers within a particular time and having in mind that all other factors remain constant (Barber, Floyd, Floyd 321-328). The increase in the output of the electric utilities makes suppliers bound to increase the output of housing they offer. When this happens, th e price of the housing units will go down and this will make it easier for the consumers to access these facilities whenever they need them. On the other hand, the weak growth of employment is rendering so many consumers’ income to be very low. This will reduce the consumers’ ability to purchase or take up the housing units and in this case the real estate market will experience a decline in the demand for housing and as the rule goes, the prices of the units will go down to make them affordable. This is a rather tricky situation in economy where the suppliers have favorable factors to boost their production. In addition, the consumers are unable to take up the housing when the price offered by the suppliers is high. Investors in the real estate market can easily come up with a state that is close to equilibrium by lowering the prices of their output through building less expensive housing units. For the consumers, they can take up less expensive housing units by resid ing on the apartments or simply switching to rentals in order to favor each other to ensure the continuity of the real estate market in the economic decline (Barber, Osburn, Floyd 331-354). Barber, Russell, Osburn, Floyd and Floyd, Charles. Real Estate Principle (9th ed.). California: Delmar Learning, 2011. Print

Setting of Farewell of Arms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Setting of Farewell of Arms - Research Paper Example The setting of weather in A Farewell to Arms has been manipulated by Hemingway through the symbols of dryness and cold, frost and rain. Different war conditions have been described through these meaningful metaphors. Weather and War At the start of the novel, the writer describes the situation as cool and calm as â€Å"there was not the feeling of storm coming† (3). But with the arrival of the rain, the country has become â€Å"wet and brown and dead with autumn† (4). This happens as the fight grows. Hence the change in the weather has also changed the situation of war. The impending dangers of death and annihilation have been emphasized through the deadness of the autumn. Now from the very beginning of the novel, the reader gets the impression that weather and war will go side by side. The calamities of war will be further aggravated through weather condition of rain and wetness. With rain came cholera which has claimed seven thousand lives. It is obvious from the desc ription that the weather has proved more deadly than war, and its capacity of taking lives is even greater than the war itself. The agents of the weather like rain have been shown as the entities which are not in human control and their presence during war is â€Å"permanent†. Rain as an Omen of death Rain traditionally is used in a positive sense, and it symbolizes growth and fertility. But Hemingway has inverted the connotative meaning of this traditional symbol. In A Farewell to Arms the rain has been constantly portrayed as a symbol of death. It portends Catherine’s death. Catherine is afraid of rain, and she asks Henry to come out of the rain. Hence, the use of rain in war setting is ironic. It forebodes death and destruction. â€Å"The treatment of bad weather as a portentous mood-setter is a good indication of Gothic literature† (Shoomp Editorial Team 60). Hemingway also has manipulated this technique. The weather has been related to the war and human moo ds. Catherine Berkley is so afraid of rain that she thinks that the rain would part them from each other. She gets assurance from Henry that rain would not mitigate his love for him. She asks, "And the rain won't make any difference?" "No." When Henry reassures her that the rain would have no effect on their love, she says, "That's good. Because I'm afraid of the rain" (134). When asked by Henry why she is afraid of rain, she is not able to explain the cause of her fears. She tells Henry, "I don't know, darling. I've always been afraid of the rain." But at the insistence of Henry she blurts out: "All right. I'm afraid of the rain because sometimes. I see me dead in it." "No." "And sometimes I see you dead in it." (135). Rama (2007) observes the following in this connection: There appears some association in Hemingway’s mind between â€Å"Cat in the rain† and Catherine of A Farewell to Arms (called Cat by Henry). Cathrine sometimes sees herself and Henry dead in the rai n. Hemingway uses rain as an important symbol first time in â€Å"Cat in the Rain† and, later, as a major symbol in A Farewell to Arms (59). Hemingway has also used the symbol and setting of snow and frost in his story. The same metaphor has been used differently in various situations. Hemingway again has betrayed the traditional symbolical connotations of this metaphor. At first, the snow is the symbol of inertia. No development is made during snow time. Henry remarks, â€Å"looking out of the window of the bawdy house, the house of officers, where I sat with a friend and two

BUS IP2 Unit 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUS IP2 Unit 5 - Essay Example The company has diverse operations, which are undertaken in the global market and have been found to influence operations and contribution to the firm’s profit. The company also implements diverse hedges against risks associated with exchange rates. However, there are effects of increase and decrease in the dollar’s exchange value on the firm’s profitability. The company has also established schemes to reduce the effect of the dollar exchange to the business operations. General Motors Company Introduction There are various multinational companies in the United States (U.S) that have been found to focus on diverse fields of operations. These companies have been analyzed and found to influence process involved in growth and development in diverse nations positively. This has also been found to create a conducive environment for improvement of individual’s living standards among individuals from diverse communities in the nation. Therefore, strategies have be en implemented to enhance operations undertaken by the Multi-National Enterprises in U.S. General Motors is one among the MNE’s in U.S dealing with automotive. ... However, it has been noted that the American dollar has been weakening over the years, and individuals from other nations have travelled to the U.S as foreign currency is also appreciating. Currency denominations have been found to vary, and this influences export and import price rates in different nations. Therefore, the company managers have established a method that enables other companies from diverse nations to access various goods and services produced by the company (Sinha & Sinha, 2009). This has been attained by evaluating the exchange rates between the U.S company price rates and the partnering nation. The company lowers the price rates of its revenues and costs to nations that have been considered as developing. Also, they should have a greater range of currency difference with the American dollar. This has helped influence development of diverse nations, despite the fact that, the nation is considered to be developing. Nations that are equal and exchange their currency a t fairly same price with the Americans have goods and services offered to them at relative same prices as the export price in the U.S. This has helped the company manage its prices, and reduce cases of loss being experienced in the organization (Feldstein, Hines & Hubbard, 2007). Therefore, the GM Company managers have used schemes that have been considered effective and efficient in ensuring individuals from diverse nations gain access to various spare parts and vehicles at prices that are considerably low and affordable based on their denominational currency. Operations undertaken by MNE's with multiple foreign operations include engaging in productions that